FIGURE OF SPEECH

                                                                                           FIGURE OF SPEECH

Simile – A simile is a figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made between two different things or feelings using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’.

                e.g. –

                                She is as beautiful as a rose.

                                She is beautiful like a rose.

                                She sings as sweetly as a cuckoo/koyal.

                                She sings sweetly like a cuckoo.

                                He is as brave as a lion.

                                He is brave like a lion.

                                She is as airy and fairy as a butterfly.

                                She is as light and beautiful as a butterfly.

                                My blood turned as cold like as moon.

                                She is as black as coal.

                                She is black like coal.

                                He is like his father in behavior.

Metaphor – A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two different things of feelings. In this figure of speech the real meaning is different from the literal meaning of words.

                e.g. –

                                Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.

                                He is the star of his family.

                                She is the gem of her family.

                                He is the stigma of his family.

                                He is a lion in the fight.

                                Who is the Lata Mangeshkar Purani Bazar?

                                Nature is our best teacher.

  

                                                                             

SYNTHESIS

                                                                                                   SYNTHESIS

Synthesis – Synthesis means the combination of two or more simple sentences into one new sentence – Simple, Compound or Complex.

Clause – A clause is a group of words which forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and finite verb of its own.

Finite verb – The verb which agrees with the subject in number and person is said to be finite verb.

                                (Finite verb depends on the subject.)

                e.g. –

                                I am poor. He is poor. You are poor. I write a letter. He writes a letter. You write a letter.

               

                                                There are three kinds of clause –

a)      Principal Clause or, Main Clause or, Independent Clause

b)     Co-ordinate Clause

c)      Subordinate Clause or, Subordinating Clause or, Dependent Clause

Principal Clause – The clause which does not depend on another clause is said to be Principal Clause.

                e.g. –

                                I know that he is an intelligent boy.

                                He went to market and bought some apples.

                                That the sun rises in the east (it) is known to all.

                                What to do (it) is a problem.

                                That he is honest (it) is doubtful.

Co-ordinate Clause – The sentence which starts with co-ordinating conjunction is said to be co-ordinate clause.

                e.g. –

                                He is poor but (he) honest.

                                       P. C. C. C.

                                (You) labour hard otherwise you will fell in the examination.

                                                P. C.                                                       C. C.

Subordinate Clause – The sentence/clause which starts with subordinating conjunction is said to be subordinate clause.

                e.g. –

                                She knew that they did not win the match.

                                     P. C.                                  S. C.

                                Unless you work hard, you will not pass the examination.

                                                S. C.                                                        P. C.

                                (You) wait here until I return.

                                                P. C.                       S. C.

                                The boy who lives in America is my neighbor cousin.

                                                                                                S. C.

                                The boy is my neighbour’s cousin. (P. C.)

                                God helps those who help themselves.

                                                P. C.                       S. C.

                                                               

               

TRANSFORMATION

                                                                 TRANSFORMATION

Transformation/Conversion – To transform a sentence is to change it form one grammatical form to another without altering its sense.

A.      Removal of ‘Too’

Ø  ‘Too’ means more than required.

Ø  Removal of ‘Too’ means to remove too.

There are two types of sentences related to removal of ‘Too’

ⓐ    Sentences with infinitive

ⓑ    Sentences without infinitive

Subject + verb + too + adjective/adverb + infinitive –

                Rules –

ⓐ    ‘Too’ is removed and so is used at its place.

ⓑ    ‘That’ is used after that Adjective or Adverb.

ⓒ    ‘To’ is removed and can or cannot/can’t or could or could not/couldn’t is used according to the verb of Tense.

e.g. –

                She is too weak to walk.

                ~She is so weak that she cannot walk.

                He is too honest to steal your money.

                ~He is so honest that he cannot steal your money.

                She was too dull to do this type of work.

                ~She was so dull that she could not do this type of work.

                He worked too hard to maintain his health.

                ~He worked so hard that he could not maintain his health.

                She was too shy to ask for anything.

                ~She was so shy that she could not ask for anything.

                                Note –

ⓐ    Sometimes the subject of Infinitive is not clear. In this situation a subject ‘one’ or ‘no one’ or ‘none’ is used after that in the sentence of Transformation.

ⓑ    If the Subject of that-clause is any negative word (s) e.g. – (none, no one), not is not used after Can or Could.

e.g. –

                It is too hot to go out.

                ~It is so hot that one cannot go out.

                Or, It is so hot that no one can go out.

                Or, It is so hot that none can go out.

                Or, It is so hot that nobody can go out.

                Or, It is so hot that anybody cannot go out.

                Or, It is so hot that anyone cannot go out.

                Or, It is so hot that somebody cannot go out.

                The sun is too hot to go out.

                ~The sun is so hot that one cannot go out.

                The results were too bad to be published.

                ~The results were so bad that they could not be published.

                The tree is too high to climb.

                ~The tree is so high that one cannot climb.

                Or, The tree is so that it cannot be climbed. (passive voice)

                The pencil is too small to write with it.

                ~The pencil is so small that one cannot write with it.

                Or, The pencil is so small that it cannot be written with.

                The fact is too evident to require any proof.

                ~The fact is so evident that it cannot require any proof.

                Gandhiji’s words were too obvious to require any proof.

                ~Gandhiji’s words were so obvious that they could not require any proof.

                Important –    

                Her sorrow is too deep for tears.

                ~Her sorrow is so deep that she cannot express in tears.

                My agony is too deep for words.

                ~My agony is so deep that I cannot express it in words.

                He is too old for a sportsman.

                ~He is so old that he cannot be a sportsman.

                She is too young for a bride.

                ~She is so young that she cannot be a bride.

                The sun is too hot for one to go out.

                ~The sun is so hot that one cannot go out.

                The sun is too hot for us to go out.

                ~The sun is so hot that we cannot go out.

                He is too weak for a cricket player.

                ~He is so weak that he cannot be a cricket player.

                He is too much for us.

                ~He is so bad/shocking that we cannot bear it.

Subject + verb + too + adjective/adverb –

                Rule –

ⓐ    Too is removed.

ⓑ    Adjective or Adverb is made Comparative and ‘than’ is used after comparative.

ⓒ    It is/was proper is used after than according to the verb of the Tense.

Or, than + subject + should/should be/should have/should have been is used

                                                e.g. –

                                                                He is too weak.

                                                                ~ He is weaker than it is proper.

                                                                Or, He is weaker than he should be.

                                                                Or, He is excessively weak.

                                                                Or, He is extremely weak.

                                                                You are too naughty.

                                                                ~You are more naughty than it is proper.

                                                                Or, You are more naughty than she should be.

                                                                She is too weak.

                                                                ~She is weaker than it is proper.

                                                                Or, She is weaker than she should be.

                                                                They were too stupid.

                                                                ~They were more stupid than it was proper.

                                                                Or, They were more stupid than they should have been.

                                                                He drives too fast.

                                                                ~He drives faster than it is proper.

                                                                Or, He drives faster than he should.

                                                                She works too hard.

                                                                ~She works harder than it is proper.

                                                                Or, She works harder than she should be.

                                                                He spoke to carelessly.

                                                                ~He spoke more carelessly than it was proper.

                                                                Or, He spoke more carelessly than he should have.

                                                                She is too weak in English.

                                                                ~She is weaker in English than it is proper.

                                                                Or, She is weaker in English than she should be.

B.      Interchange of Degrees of Comparison

Degree of Comparison – The merit or demerit present in a person or thing is in how much degree is said to be degree of comparison.

                                                There are three kinds of degree of comparison –

a)      Positive degree (P.D.)

b)     Comparative degree (C.D.)

c)      Superlative degree (S.D.)

Positive degree – When an adjective is made to simple use, it is said to be in the positive degree.

                                                e.g. –

·         He is a good boy.

·         She is as good as her sister.

·         No other boy in the world is as intelligent as Jeevan Kumar.

·         Very few students in India are as clever as Yugandhar Yugant.

Comparative degree – When the merit or demerit of two persons or things is compared, it is said to be in the comparative degree.

                                                e.g. –

·         He is better than his brother.

·         Jeevan Kumar is more intelligent than any other boy in the world.

Or, Jeevan Kumar is more intelligent all other boys in the world.

·         Jeevan Kumar is cleverer than most other students in India.

Superlative degree – When the merit or demerit of more than two persons or things is compared , it is said to be in the superlative degree.

                                                e.g. –

·         Jeevan Kumar is the most intelligent boy in the world.

·         Jeevan Kumar is one of the cleverest students in India. 

Rules of changing P.D. to C.D. –

                There are following rules of changing P.D. to C.D. –

ⓐ    If the statement/sentence is in affirmative, that is changed into negative and vice-versa.

ⓑ    The adjective surrounded between two ‘as’ is changed into the adjective of comparative degree.

ⓒ    Than is used.

ⓓ    Pronouns are always kept in Nominative Case.

ⓔ    The sentence is reversed.

e.g. –

                I am as good as my friend.

                ~My friend is not better than I.

                This book is as costly as that.

                ~That book is not more costly than this.

                My youngest brother is as laborious as the eldest.

                ~My youngest brother is not more laborious than the youngest.

                The climate of Ranchi is as healthy as that of Bharrahi.

                ~The climate of Bharrahi is not more healthy than that of Ranchi.

                He is as good as his brother.

                ~His brother is not better than he.

                My younger brother is as laborious as the elder.

                ~My elder brother is not more laborious than the younger.

                Birds do not fly so fast as the aeroplane.

                ~ The aeroplane flys faster than birds.

                Yugandhar has not so much brain as money.

                ~Yugandhar has more money than brain.

                A dead lion is not so strong as a live ass.

                ~A live ass is stronger than a dead lion.

                The climate of Madhepura is not so good as that of Ranchi.

                ~The climate of Ranchi is better than that of Madhepura.

                I do not know him as good as you do.

                ~You know him better than I do.

                He does not know you as well as I do.

                ~I know you better than he does.

Rules of changing C.D. to P.D. –

                There are following rules of changing C.D. to P.D. –

ⓐ    If the statement/sentence is in affirmative, that is changed into negative and vice-versa.

ⓑ    The adjective of Comparative Degree is changed into the adjective of Positive Degree and kept between two ‘as’.

ⓒ    ‘Than’ is removed.

ⓓ    Pronouns are always kept in Nominative Case.

ⓔ    The sentence is reversed.

e.g. –

                That pen is dearer than this.

                ~This pen is not so dear as that.

                His servant is more naughty than the son.

                ~His son is not so naughty as the servant.

                Yugandhar has more money than brain.

                ~Yugandhar has not so much brain as money.

                The climate of Maszid Chowk is better than that of College Chowk.

                ~The climate of College Chowk is not so good as that of Maszid Chowk.

                He is better than his brain.

                ~His friend is not so good as he.

                Mohan has more than wisdom.

                ~Mohan has not so much wisdom as money.

Special Rules –

                                Rule 1:- P.D. – No other boy in the class is as intelligent as Jeevan Kumar alias Yugant.

                                                                Or, there is no boy in the class as intelligent as Jeevan Kumar alias Yugant.

                                                 C.D. – Jeevan Kumar is more intelligent than any other boy in the class.

                                                                Or, Jeevan Kumar is more intelligent than all other boys in the class.

                                                 S.D. – Jeevan Kumar is the most intelligent boy in the class.

                                Rule 2:- P.D. – Very few girls in the class are as intelligent as Megha.

                                                 C.D. – Megha is more intelligent than most other girls in the class.

                                                 S.D. – Megha is one of the most intelligent girls in the class.

                                Rule 3:- S.D. – Ram is not the best boy in the class.

                                                 P.D. – Some boys in the class are at least as good as Ram.

                                                 C.D. – Ram is not better than some boys in the class.

                                                                Or, Some boys in the class are less good than Ram.

Change the Degree –

                                                e.g. –

                                                  P.D. – There is no servant as clever as Yugant.

                                                 C.D. – Yugant is cleverer than all other students.

                                                                Or, Yugant is cleverer than any other student.

                                                 S.D. – Yugant is the cleverest student of all.

                                                e.g. –

                                                 P.D. – No training is as good as scout training.

                                                 C.D. – Scout training is better than any other training.

                                                 S.D. – Scout training is the best training.

One of the + Superlative Degree –

                                                e.g. –

                                                 S.D. – Yugant is one of the best boys in my class.

                                                 C.D. – Yugant is better than most other boys in my class.

                                                 P.D. – Very few boys in my class are as/so good as Yugant.

                                                e.g. –

                                                 S.D. – She is one of the most beautiful girls in my school.

                                                 C.D. – She is more beautiful than most other girls in my school.

                                                 P.D. – Very few girls in my school are as/so beautiful as she (is).

                                                e.g. –

                                                 S.D. – Very few kings of India were as/so great as Ashoka.

                                                 C.D. – Ashoka was greater than most other kings of India.

                                                 S.D. – Ashoka is one of the greatest kings of India.