Yugant Group: NARRATION

NARRATION

Narration – The word ‘Narration’ comes out from the verb ‘Narrate’. Narrate means to say or to tell and narration means statement or saying.

There are two kinds of narration –

a) Direct narration or direct speech

b) Indirect narration or indirect narration

Direct speech – When the saying of anybody is put in the same words, it is said to be in the direct speech.

e.g. – He said to me, “I shall go to Patna tomorrow.”

Indirect speech – When the saying of anybody is not put in the same words i.e. in other words, it said to be in the indirect speech.

e.g. – He told me that he would go to Patna the next day.

There are two important terms related to narration –

a) Reporting verb (R.V.)

b) Reported speech (R.S.)

Reporting verb – In direct narration, there is a sentence out of the inverted comma, the verb of that sentence is said to be reporting verb.

e.g. – He said to me, “I shall go to Patna tomorrow.”

Reported speech – In direct narration, there is a sentence within the inverted comma, that whole sentence is said to be reported speech.

e.g. – He said to me, I shall go to Patna tomorrow.”

Ø When we change Direct narration/Direct speech into Indirect narration/Indirect speech, we have to pay attention to the following things –

1. Change of Person

2. Change of Tense

3. Other Changes

4. Change of Sentence

1. Change of Person – When we change Direct narration into Indirect narration, the person of the reported speech changes according to the following rules –

SON=123

ⓐ The first person of the reported speech changes according to the subject of the reporting verb.

e.g. – He said, “I have lost my purse.”

i.n. – He said that he had lost his purse.

ⓑ The second person of the reported speech changes according to the object of the reporting verb.

e.g. – He said to me, “I cannot help you.”

i.n. – He told me that he could not help me.

e.g. – He said, “She is innocent.”

i.n. – He said that she was innocent.

Special Case –

Ø If there is no object after the reporting verb but there is second person present in the reported speech, in this case, a duplicate object is assumed and then the second person of the reported speech changes according to that duplicate object.

Here we have to remember that when we change direct narration into indirect narration, only person, changes, number, gender and case do not changes.

e.g. – She said, “You are dishonest.”

i.n. – She said that he was dishonest.

e.g. – The Company says, “You should use our products.”

i.n. – The Company says that we should use its products.

Ø If any newspaper or magazine use we, our, us for itself in reported speech then changed we into it, our into its & us into it.

Ø If we, us, our, use in the sentence of any universal truth. we, us, our do not change.

e.g. – The teacher said, “We are mortal.”

i.n. – The teacher said that we are mortal.

e.g. – She said to them, “God is our creator.”

i.n. – She said that God is our creator.

2. Change of Tense – When we change direct narration into indirect narration, the tense of the reported speech changes according to the following rules –

ⓐ If the Reporting verb is in present tense or future tense, the tense of the reported speech does not change.

e.g. – He says to me, “You are an intelligent student.”

i.n. – He tells to me that I am an intelligent student.”

e.g. – He will say to me, “You do not take care of your health.”

i.n. – He will tell me that I do not take care of my health.

ⓑ If the reporting verb is in past tense and the reported speech is in present tense, the tense of the reported speech changes according to the following rules –

⇒ Simple present tense changes into simple past tense.

e.g. – Yugant said, “Sita wants to go.”

i.n. – Yugant said that Sita wanted to go.

⇒ Present progressive tense changes into past progressive tense.

e.g. – Yugant said, “Sita is playing.”

i.n. – Yugant said that Sita was playing.

⇒ Present perfect tense changes into past perfect tense.

e.g. – Mohan said, “Sita has written a letter.”

i.n. – Mohan said that Sita had written a letter.

⇒ Present perfect continuous tense changes past perfect continuous tense.

e.g. – Mohan said, “Sita has been reading for two hours.”

i.n. – Mohan said that Sita had been reading for two hours.

⇒ Simple past tense changes into past perfect tense.

e.g. – Mohan said, “Sita wrote a letter.”

i.n. – Mohan said that Sita had written a letter.

⇒ Past progressive tense changes into past perfect continuous tense.

e.g. – Mohan said, “Sita was writing a letter.”

i.n. – Mohan said that Sita had been writing a letter.

⇒ Past perfect tense and past perfect continuous tense do not change.

e.g. – Mohan said, “Sita had done the work by 10 p.m.

i.n. – Mohan said that Sita had done the work by 10 p.m.

e.g. – Mohan said, “Sita had been working for five hours.”

I.n. – Mohan said that Sita had been working for five hours.

ⓓ If the reporting verb is in Past tense and there is shall/will/can/may etc. present in the reported speech, the following changes occur –

• Shall is changed into should.

• Will is changed into would.

• Can is changed into could.

• May is changed into might.

• Am/Is is changed into was.

• Are is changed into were.

• Have/Has is changed into had.

• Was/Were is changed into had been.

• Had to + v¹ is changed into had had + to + v¹

ü Could/might/should/would/are generally no change.

e.g. – Mohan said, “I am busy.”

i.n. – Mohan said that he was busy.

e.g. – Mohan said, “Sita will write a letter.”

i.n. – Mohan said that Sita would written a letter.

e.g. – Mohan said, “Sita could not do that work.”

i.n. – Mohan said that Sita could not do that work.

Exception –

If there is a universal truth the tense of the reported speech does not change.

e.g. – The teacher said, “The earth is round.”

i.n. – The teacher said that the earth is round.

3. Other changes – When we change direct narration into indirect narration, the following words also change –

• Come -------------------------------------------- go

• This ---------------------------------------------- That

• These -------------------------------------------- those

• Here ---------------------------------------------- there

• Today -------------------------------------------- that day

• This morning ----------------------------------- that morning

• This evening ------------------------------------ that evening

• Tonight ------------------------------------------- that night

• Yesterday -------------------------------------- The day before yesterday/the previous day

• The day before yesterday --------------------- two days before yesterday

• Last night ----------------------------------------- the previous night

• Last week/month/year etc. ------------------- the previous week/month/year etc.

• Tomorrow ---------------------------------------- the next day/the following day

• The day after tomorrow ----------------------- in two days’ time

• Next day ------------------------------------------- the following day

• Next week/month/year etc. ------------------ The following week/month/year etc.

• Now ------------------------------------------------ then

• Thus ------------------------------------------------ go

• Ago -------------------------------------------------- before

• A year ago etc. ------------------------------------ a year before/the previous year

Note – Sometimes this, these, here, today, this morning, this evening, tonight do not change if it denotes nearness.

e.g. – She said, “This is my house.”

i.n. – She said that this is/was my house.

e.g. – This morning he said, “I shall go there today.”

i.n. – This morning he said that he would go there today.

4. Change of sentence –

Rules of Assertive sentence changing into Indirect Narration –

ⓐ Reporting verb ‘said’ is changed into ‘told’ but if there is no object after the Reporting verb, ‘said’ need not be changed.

ⓑ To is not used between told and object.

ⓓ Other changes are followed according to rules.

e.g. – He says to me, “I write a letter.”

i.n. – He tells me that he writes a letter.

e.g. – He said to me, “You do not take care of your study.”

i.n. – He told me that I did not take care of my study.

e.g. – I heard him to say, “You always get up let.”

i.n. – I heard him say that I always get up let.

e.g. – She said, “I cannot walk further.”

i.n. – She said that she could not walk further.

e.g. – He said to me, “I shall go there.”

i.n. – He told me that he would go there.

Or, He told me he would go there.

Rules of Interrogative sentences changing into Indirect Speech –

Ⓐ Rules of Yes/No question –

ⓐ Reporting verb ‘said’ is changed into ‘asked’.

ⓑ To is not used between asked and object.

ⓓ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓔ After changing into indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

e.g. – He said to me, “Do you go to market?”

i.n. – He asked me if I went to market.

e.g. – I said to him, “Did you take care of your health?”

i.n. – I asked him if he had taken care of his health.

e.g. – She said to me, “Do you like me?”

i.n. – She asked me if I liked her.

e.g. – He asked, “Is she ready?”

i.n. – He asked if she was ready.

Ⓑ Rules of Wh. Question –

ⓐ Reporting verb ‘said’ is changed into asked.

ⓑ To is not used between asked and object.

ⓓ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓔ After changing into indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

ⓕ Even after changing into indirect speech wh. Word remains in the sentence.

e.g. – The teacher said to me, “What is your name?”

i.n. – The teacher asked me what my name was.

e.g. – The mother said to the children, “Who has broken my glass?”

i.n. – The mother asked the children who had broken her glass.

e.g. – “Why are you late” ,he said to me.

i.n. – He asked me why I was late.

e.g. – She said to me, “What is the problem?”

i.n. – She asked me what the problem was.

e.g. – I asked him, “Why have you beaten this boy?”

i.n. – I asked him why he had beaten that boy.

e.g. – He said to me, “Where is your house?”

i.n. – He asked me where my house was.

e.g. – She said to him, “What is your name?”

i.n. – She asked him what his name was.

e.g. – They said to me, “When are you coming here?”

i.n. – They asked me when I was going there.

e.g. – He said to her, “How have you done that?”

i.n. – He asked her how she had done that.

e.g. – She said to me, “What is the time?”

i.n. – She asked me what the time was.

Rules of Imperative Sentences changing into Indirect Narration –

Ⓐ If there is order or command in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into ordered/commanded.

ⓑ To is not used between ordered and commanded.

ⓓ Other changes are followed according to rules.

e.g. – He said to his servant, “Bring a glass of water.”

i.n. – He ordered his servant to bring a glass of water.

e.g. – The officer said to the soldiers, “March ahead.”

i.n. – The officer commanded the soldiers to march ahead.

e.g. – She said to her servant, “Wash the clothes.”

i.n. – She ordered her servant to wash the clothes.

e.g. – The teacher said to the students, “Be quiet.”

i.n. – The teacher told/ordered the students to be quiet.

Ⓑ If there is advice in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into advised.

ⓑ To is not used between advised and object.

ⓓ Other changes are followed according to rules.

e.g. – The teacher said to the student, “Revise your lesson.”

i.n. – The teacher advised the student to revise your lesson.

e.g. – My friend said to me, “Consult a doctor.”

i.n. – My friend advised me to consult a doctor.

e.g. – He said to me, “You had better go home.”

i.n. – He advised me to go home.

Or, He said that I had better go home.

e.g. – The father said to his children, “Work hard; the examination is near.”

i.n. – The father advised his children to work hard as the examination was near.

e.g. – He said to me, “If I were you, I would stop smoking.”

i.n. – He advised me to stop smoking.

Or, He said that if he were I, he would stop smoking.

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into requested.

ⓑ To is not used between requested and object.

ⓓ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓔ Please is removed.

e.g. – I said to Yugant, “Please give me your bicycle.”

i.n. – I requested Yugant to give me his bicycle.

e.g. – He said to the children, “Please allow me to go home.”

i.n. – He requested the children to allow him to go home.

e..g. – My hostess said, “Please sit down.”

i.n. – My hostess requested me to sit down.

e.g. – Raman said to his father, “Please buy me these books.”

i.n. – Raman requested his father to buy those books.

Ⓓ If there is pray in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into prayed.

ⓑ To is not used between prayed and object.

ⓓ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓔ Kindly is removed.

e.g. – The student said to the principle, “Kindly grant me leave for five days.”

i.n. – The student prayed the principle to grant him leave for five days.

Ⓔ If there is prohibition –

Reporting verb said is changed into forbade or asked or prohibited/prevented.

If forbade is used –

ⓐ To is not used between forbade and object.

ⓑ In place of inverted comma to is used as connective.

ⓓ Other changes are followed according to rules.

e.g. – He said to his friend, “Do not tell a lie.”

i.n. – He forbade his friend to tell a lie.

e.g. – He said to me, “Don’t join this company.”

i.n. – He forbade me to join that company.

If asked is used –

ⓐ To is not used between asked and object.

ⓑ In place of inverted comma to is used as connective.

ⓓ As above.

e.g. – He said to his friend, “Don’t tell a lie.”

i.n. – He asked his friend not to tell a lie.

If prohibited/prevented is used –

ⓐ To is not used between prohibited/prevented and object.

ⓑ In place of inverted comma from is used as connective and after from v⁴ is used.

ⓓ As above.

e.g. – He said to his friend, “Don’t tell a lie.”

i.n. – He prohibited his friend from telling a lie.

Special case –

e.g. – My mother said to me, “Try again.”

i.n. – My mother encouraged me try again.

e.g. – The mother said, “Children, don’t walk in the sun.”

i.n. – The mother told/warned the boys not to walk in the sun.

e.g. – She said to her husband, “Don’t forget to post the letter.”

i.n. – She reminded her husband to post the letter.

e.g. – His wife said, “Please, please don’t take any risks.”

i.n. – His wife begged/implored him not to take any risks.

e.g. – “Pardon me, sir, “he said to his master.

i.n. – He begged his master to pardon him.

e.g. – The captain said, “Go on, Sonu, hit the ball hard.”

i.n. – The captain urged Sonu to hit the ball hard.

Rules of Exclamatory Sentences changing into Indirect Speech –

Ⓐ If there is joy or happiness in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into exclaimed with joy/happiness.

ⓑ To is not used between exclaimed and object.

ⓓ Word of exclamation is removed.

ⓔ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓕ After changing into Indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

e.g. – The players said to us, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”

i.n. – The players exclaimed with joy that (or, said that) they had won the match.

e.g. – The poet said, “What a lovely sight it is!”

i.n. – The poet exclaimed with joy that it was a very lovely sight.

e.g. – The children said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”

i.n. – The children exclaimed with joy/surprise that she sang very well.

Note –

e.g. – He said, “What a lovely sight!”

i.n. – He exclaimed with joy that it was a very lovely sight.

e.g. – Mohan said, “Hall tall a girl!”

i.n. – Mohan exclaimed (with surprise) that she was a very tall girl.

e.g. – She said, “What a place!”

i.n. – She exclaimed (with surprise) that it was a lovely place. (or, it was a strange place.)

Ⓑ If there is sorrow in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into exclaimed with sorrow.

ⓑ To is not used between exclaimed and object.

ⓓ Word of exclamation is removed.

ⓔ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓕ After changing into Indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

e.g. – The old woman said, “Ah! I am ruined.”

i.n. – The old woman exclaimed with sorrow/confessed with regret that she was ruined.

e.g. – She said, “How foolish I am!”

i.n. – She exclaimed with sorrow/confessed with regret that she was very foolish.

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into exclaimed with wonder.

ⓑ To is not used between exclaimed and object.

ⓓ Word of exclamation is removed.

ⓔ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓕ After changing into Indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

Ⓓ If there is applause in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into exclaimed with applause.

ⓑ To is not used between exclaimed and object.

ⓓ Word of exclamation is removed.

ⓔ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓕ After changing into Indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

e.g. – The teacher said, “Well done! My boys.”

i.n. – The teacher shouted with applause/applauded that the boys had done well.

Ⓔ If there is anger in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into exclaimed with anger.

ⓑ To is not used between exclaimed and object.

ⓓ Word of exclamation is removed.

ⓔ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓕ After changing into Indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

Ⓕ If there is disgust in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into exclaimed with disgust.

ⓑ To is not used between exclaimed and object.

ⓓ Word of exclamation is removed.

ⓔ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓕ After changing into Indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

Rules of Optative Sentences changing into Indirect Speech –

Ⓐ If there is wish in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into wished.

ⓑ To is not used between wished and object.

ⓓ Word of exclamation is removed.

ⓔ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓕ After changing into Indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

e.g. – The mother said to her son, “May you get this prize!”

i.n. – The mother wished that her son might get that prize.

e.g. – She said, “May you succeed, my son!”

i.n. – She wished that her son might succeed.

Ⓑ If there is pray in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into prayed.

ⓑ To is not used between prayed and object.

ⓓ Word of exclamation is removed.

ⓔ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓕ After changing into Indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

e.g. – The saint said, “May God help you!”

i.n. – The saint played that God might help me.

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into cursed.

ⓑ To is not used between cursed and object.

ⓓ Word of exclamation is removed.

ⓔ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓕ After changing into Indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

e.g. – She said to her wicked servant, “May you die soon!”

i.n. – She cursed that her wicked servant might die soon.

Ⓓ If there is bless in the sentence –

ⓐ Reporting verb said is changed into blessed.

ⓑ To is not used between blessed and object.

ⓓ Word of exclamation is removed.

ⓔ Other changes are followed according to rules.

ⓕ After changing into Indirect speech full stop is used in the last of the sentence.

e.g. – The old woman said to him, “May God give you a son!”

i.n. – The old woman blessed him that God might give him a son.

Note –

Sometimes ‘May’ is hid in Optative Sentence. In this situation, we should complete the sentence to keep ‘May’ in at present according to us.

e.g. –

• God save you!

~May God save you!

• Die soon!

~May you die soon!

• Long live our democracy!

~May our democracy live long!

Note –

Sometimes there are main types of sentences in Optative sentence –

e.g. – She said, “O that I were young again!”

i.n. – She eagerly wished that she were young again.

e.g. – “Would that I were rich,” said the poor beggar.

i.n. – The poor beggar eagerly wished that he were rich.

e.g. – The dying soldier cried, “O! a glass of water.”

i.n. – The dying soldier longed for a glass of water.

e.g. – He said, “Happy birthday!”

i.n. – He wished me a happy birth day.

e.g. – She said, “Congratulations!”

i.n. – She congratulated me.

e.g. – He said to the new couple, “Happy conjugal life!”

i.n. – He wished the new couple a happy conjugal life.

e.g. – She said to me, “Good morning!”

i.n. – She wished me a good morning.

e.g. – He said to me, “Good bye!”

i.n. – He bade me good bye.

Yugant Group

Tuesday, March 31, 2020

NARRATION

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